3.5 mm LCP Distal Femoral Osteotomy Plates
Brian Saunders, Loïc Déjardin, Michael Kowaleski, Erik Asimus, Randy Boudrieau
Fig 1: Illustration of a left 7-hole LCP Distal Femoral Osteotomy Plate. Patellar luxation is a common cause of pelvic limb lameness in dogs. Although patella luxation can occur because of trauma, most canine cases of patellar luxation occur because of abnormal femoral and tibial modeling during skeletal development. Traditional surgical correction of canine patellar luxation includes procedures such as sulcoplasty and tibial tuberosity transposition. These techniques are often insufficient in more severe cases resulting in recurrence of patellar luxation. Complex limb deformities involving both the femur and tibia (eg, distal femoral varus, femoral torsion, and a compensatory tibial valgus and/or torsion) typically explain these surgical failures. Distal femoral osteotomy/ostectomy (DFO) was developed to address distal femoral varus (with or without torsion) and has led to markedly improved clinical outcomes. Current implants for canine DFO are not anatomically specific to follow both the femoral procurvatum and condylar morphology, nor do they guide screw trajectory to avoid the femoral intercondylar notch and the femoral trochlea, especially with locking implants. As such, veterinary surgeons may encounter challenges with plate contouring and screw placement.
Plate design
The recently approved 3.5 LCP DFO plate is indicated for treatment of distal femoral angular deformities and distal femoral fractures. The plate curvature was designed to accommodate procurvatum (anatomical curvature in the sagittal plane) and optimize screw trajectories into the widest portion of the femoral condyle while simultaneously avoiding the regions of the intercondylar notch and femoral trochlea in medium and large breed dogs. The plates are available in 7- or 8-hole lengths to account for variable femoral sizes encountered in medium and large canine patients. Additionally, the plates are specific for left and right limbs (Fig 2). They are compatible with both 3.5 mm locking and cortex screws (Fig 3). The trajectories of the three distal locking screws were designed to avoid the intercondylar notch, maximize screw purchase in the caudal portion of the femoral condyle, while also avoiding cranial screw placement so as to preserve bone for concurrent sulcoplasty (Fig 4). The tapered, curved design minimizes interference of the distal plate with both the patella and periarticular soft tissue.
The 3.5 LCP DFO plate has been designed based on the following three key features:
- Anatomical fit: the plate contour matches the 3D shape of the distal femur. The plate follows the shape of the femur in the frontal plane (craniocaudal view) with an in-plane bend that flares over the distal femoral condyle. The plate also follows femoral curvature in the sagittal plane (lateral view) to match the anatomical procurvatum of medium and large breed dogs. Plate design includes a tapered distal geometry for low-profile fit. These design features decrease the likelihood of impingement with the patella, parapatellar fibrocartilage, or joint capsule.
- Multiple screw placement options: the plate contains LCP combi holes, stacked combi holes, and allows compression across the osteotomy for primary bone healing.
- Precise locking screw trajectories: screw trajectories are designed to avoid intraarticular structures while maximizing transcondylar bone purchase. This feature allows the surgeon to perform a sulcoplasty as needed without screw interference. Screw trajectory also avoids penetration of the intercondylar notch and damage to the cruciate ligaments.
Fig 2a-b: Plate family for left (a) and right (b) 7-hole and 8-hole 3.5 LCP Distal Femoral Osteotomy Plates 
Fig 3: Distribution of LCP and stacked combi holes in the 3.5 LCP Distal Femoral Osteotomy Plate. 
Fig 4a-c: Screw trajectories on the distal end of the 3.5 LCP Distal Femoral Osteotomy Plate.
The following two cases (kindly provided by Michael Kowaleski, North Grafton, Mass, USA, and Erik Asimus, Toulouse, France) illustrate common canine femoral deformities associated with moderate to severe medial patella luxation and demonstrate application of the 3.5 LCP DFO Plate.
Case 1: Distal femoral osteotomy in a 4-year-old, female spayed mixed breed dog with medial patellar luxation
A 4-year- and 6-month-old spayed female mixed breed dog weighing 25.1 kg presented for chronic progressive left pelvic limb lameness. Orthopedic examination and preoperative x-rays revealed a grade 3/4 medial patellar luxation without concurrent cranial cruciate ligament rupture. A preoperative computed tomography (CT) was performed to screen for femoral varus and/or femoral torsion. Femoral varus was documented (anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle [aLDFA] 104, normal 92-96). The femoral torsion angle was 26 and was like the unaffected contralateral limb and within the normal range. The planned correction was a 12 lateral closing wedge ostectomy, with concurrent sulcoplasty and tibial tuberosity transposition. The mediolateral view of the preoperative CT 3D reconstruction of the left femur (Fig 5a) illustrates anatomical anteversion of the femoral head and neck and procurvatum of the femur, and the craniocaudal view (Fig 5b) confirms distal femoral varus (anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle, 104).
A routine lateral approach to the distal femur and stifle joint was performed. Results of the cruciate ligaments examination were normal. The lateral joint capsule was dissected to expose the distal femoral condyle. An alignment jig was placed in a craniocaudal direction to ensure that deformity correction was limited to the frontal plane. A 12 lateral closing wedge ostectomy was performed and the femoral condyle was reduced and temporarily stabilized with divergent K-wires. A 7-hole left 3.5 LCP DFO plate was placed on the lateral femur and secured with a combination of 3.5 mm cortex and locking screws. The compression function of the plate was used to compress the ends of the two bone segments. Temporary K-wires were removed and a wedge sulcoplasty was performed to deepen the trochlear groove for improved patella articulation. A tibial tuberosity transposition was performed and stabilized with two pins and tension band wire. Routine closure was performed. Total surgical time was 1 hour and 45 minutes. Postoperative x-rays demonstrate the position of a left, 7-hole, 3.5 LCP DFO plate and associated tibial tuberosity transposition. In the medioateral view it can be appreciated that plate contour matches the normal distal femoral procurvatum and screws are positioned caudally away from the trochlea (Fig 6a). This allows for an unimpeded sulcoplasty while maximizing screw purchase caudally. The compression applied with the plate has resulted in excellent apposition. The patella is visible within the trochlear groove. In the craniocaudal view the plate contour matches the anatomical contour of the distal femoral condyle (Fig 6b). The anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle is reduced to 92. During the follow up after 8 weeks, clinical signs have resolved, limb use is excellent, and stifle joint range of motion is normal without evidence of pain. In the mediolateral x-ray the osteotomy has healed (Fig 7a). Plate and screw position remain unchanged. The tibial tuberosity transposition is healing, and implants remain unchanged. The patella remains reduced within the trochlear groove. In the craniocaudal view the osteotomy has healed and is no longer visible (Fig 7b). Implants are stable and the patella is tracking normally.
Fig 5a-c: Preoperative CT 3D reconstruction of the left femur: (a) Mediolateral view, (b) craniocaudal view, and (c) femoral long axis view shows anteversion angle (26). 
Fig 6a-b: Postoperative radiographs demonstrating position of a left, 7-hole, 3.5 LCP DFO plate and associated tibial tuberosity transposition: (a) Medioateral view and (b) Craniocaudal view. 
Fig 7a-b: Follow up after 8 weeks: (a) Mediolateral radiograph and (b) craniocaudal view.
Case 2: Distal femoral osteotomy in a 1-year- and 6-month- old spayed female Appenzell Cattle Dog
A 1-year- and 6-month-old spayed female Appenzell Cattle Dog weighing 29 kg presented for second opinion after two previous surgical procedures to address a traumatically induced medial patellar luxation. Fig 8 illustrates the initial surgery performed at 1 year and 6 months of age. The patellar luxation was treated with a lateral imbrication. No primary orthopedic procedures were performed. X-rays were obtained 6 weeks postoperatively, and document persistence of the medial patellar luxation. Fig 9 addresses the revision surgery performed to address persistent patellar luxation. A tibial tuberosity transposition was performed to realign the insertion of the patellar tendon without addressing femoral deformity. X-rays were obtained 2 months postoperatively. The patellar luxation persists despite transposition of the tibial tuberosity. Orthopedic examination and preoperative x-rays revealed a grade 3/4 medial patellar luxation (Fig 9). Femoral varus was documented (aLDFA 104; normal 9296) by CT scan (Fig 10). The planned correction was a 10 lateral closing wedge ostectomy, with concurrent sulcoplasty.
A routine lateral approach to the distal femur and stifle joint was performed. Standard DFO technique was used to create a 10 lateral closing wedge ostectomy. A 7-hole 3.5 LCP DFO plate was placed on the lateral femur and secured with a combination of 3.5 mm cortex and locking screws. The compression function of the plate was used to compress the ends of the two bone segments together. A wedge sulcoplasty was performed to deepen the trochlear groove for improved patella articulation. After routine closure, total surgical time was 1 hour and 30 minutes. Postoperative x-rays demonstrated that plate contour matches the distal femoral procurvatum. The compression applied to the plate results in excellent apposition. The patella is visible within the trochlear groove (Fig 11a). On the craniocadual view, the plate contour matches the anatomical contour of the distal femur. The anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle has been reduced to 94 (Fig 11b). In the 1-year follow up, clinical signs have resolved, limb use is normal and range of motion of the knee is also normal. The osteotomy has healed, plate and screw position remain unchanged, the tibial tuberosity transposition is healing, and implants remain unchanged (Fig 12a). Additionally, the patella remains reduced within the trochlear groove. On the craniocaudal view, the osteotomy has healed and is no longer visible, implants are stable and the patella is tracking normally (Fig 12b).a
Fig 8: Initial surgery performed at 1 year and 6 months of age. 
Fig 9: Revision surgery performed to address persistent patellar luxation. 
Fig 10: Preoperative CT 3D reconstruction of the right femur confirming distal femoral varus (anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle was 104). 
Fig 11a-b: Postoperative x-rays demonstrating position of a 7-hole, 3.5 LCP DFO plate. 
Fig 12a-b: Follow up after 1 year DFO. 3.5 mm LCP Distal Femoral Osteotomy Plate
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