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  1. AO
  2. What we do
  3. Education
  4. Topic Areas
  5. Publishing and Faculty Support Media
  6. Learning From Failures in Orthopedic Trauma
  7. Phalangeal and sesamoid fractures
  • References
    1. Anderson RB, McBryde AM Jr. Autogenous bone grafting of hallux sesamoid nonunions. Foot Ankle Int. 1997 May;18(5):293–296.
    2. Aper RL, Saltzman CL, Brown TD. The effect of hallux sesamoid excision on the flexor hallucis longus moment arm. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996 Apr(325):209–217.
    3. Armagan OE, Shereff MJ. Injuries to the toes and metatarsals. Orthop Clin North Am. 2001 Jan;32(1):1–10.
    4. Berkowitz M, Sanders R. Dislocations of the foot. In: Coughlin MJ, Saltzman CR, Anderson JB, eds. Mann’s Surgery of the Foot & Ankle. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:1905–1972.
    5. Blundell CM, Nicholson P, Blackney MW. Percutaneous screw fixation for fractures of the sesamoid bones of the hallux. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002 Nov;84(8):1138–1141.
    6. Bojsen-Møller F, Jørgensen U. The Plantar Soft Tissues: Functional Anatomy and Clinical Applications. In: Jahss MH. Disorders of the Foot and Ankle: Medical and Surgical Management: Saunders; 1991:532–540.
    7. Bowers KD, Jr., Martin RB. Turf-toe: a shoe-surface related football injury. Med Sci Sports. 1976 Summer;8(2):81–83.
    8. Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 Jun;58(4):453–458.
    9. Hughes J, Clark P, Klenerman L. The importance of the toes in walking. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990 Mar;72(2):245–251.
    10. Jahss MH. Stubbing injuries to the hallux. Foot Ankle. 1981 May;1(6):327–332.
    11. Karadaglis D, Grace D. Morphology of the hallux sesamoids. Foot Ankle Surg; 2003 Dec;9(3):165–167.
    12. Kensinger DR, Guille JT, Horn BD, et al. The stubbed great toe: importance of early recognition and treatment of open fractures of the distal phalanx. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001 Jan–Feb;21(1):31–34.
    13. Klaue K. The foot. From evaluation to surgical correction. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2015.
    14. Lanz J, Wachsmuth W. Pes, der Fuß. In: Lanz J, Wachsmuth W. Praktische Anatomie—Bein und Statik. Vol1/4. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer; 1972:351–444.
    15. Leung WY, Wong SH, Lam JJ, et al. Presentation of a missed injury of a metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation in the lesser toes. J Trauma. 2001 Jun;50(6):1150–1152.
    16. Miki T, Yamamuro T, Kitai T. An irreducible dislocation of the great toe. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988 May;(230):200–206.
    17. Mittlmeier T, Haar P. Sesamoid and toe fractures. Injury. 2004 Sep;35 Suppl 2:Sb87–97.
    18. Richardson EG. Hallucal sesamoid pain: causes and surgical treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999 Jul–Aug;7(4):270–278
    19. Schnaue-Constantouris EM, Birrer RB, Grisafi PJ, et al. Digital foot trauma: emergency diagnosis and treatment. J Emerg Med. 2002 Feb;22(2):163–170.
    20. Smith K, Waldrop N. Operative Outcomes of Grade 3 Turf Toe Injuries in Competitive Football Players. Foot Ankle Int. 2018 Sep;39(9):1076–1081.
    21. Woon CY. Dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the great toe: is percutaneous reduction of an incarcerated sesamoid an option? A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 May;92(5):1257–1260.
    22. Zwipp H, Rammelt S. Tscherne Unfallchirurgie: Fuß. Berlin: Springer; 2014:434–435.

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